Outdoor energy storage vehicle structure

Battery, Fuel Cell, and Super Capacitor are energy storage solutions implemented in electric vehicles, which possess different advantages and disadvantages.

In EVs, the type of energy storage is, together with the drive itself, one of the crucial components of the system.

Another alternative energy storage for vehicles are hydrogen FCs, although, hydrogen has a lower energy density compared to batteries.

The implementation of hydrogen Fuel Cells (FCs) as energy storage solution for EVs is another approach to reduce charging times and increase the range of the vehicle [ 14 ]. Furthermore, hydrogen can be produced from sterilized water through renewable energy sources and consequently, can be seen as a clean fuel.

The introduction of HEVs and PHEVs reduces the required battery capacity and adds the functionality of recuperation of kinetic energy. The combination of battery, SC, and FC enables obtaining the advantage of both high energy density and high power density of energy storage systems [ 184 ].

Fuel Cell electric vehicle [ 42 ]. Although Li-Ion battery packs are the best performance solution, an addition of SCs could eliminate problems, such as limits regarding high acceleration [ 164] and could provide supplementary support for fast speed variation [ 165] as well as maximum level of braking energy recovery [ 164, 166] ( Fig. 8 ).