Electrical power exceeds outdoor power supply

“Excess power conversion” refers to methods that can convert surplus power into a new form of energy that may not be directly needed by the energy system, such as fuels. This method can indirectly utilize excess electricity to supply non-primary energy demands, such as hydrogen loads or other fuel/gas generation cycles.

“Excess power to load” refers to methods that can directly utilize the excess electricity to supply primary energy consumer demands, such as electrical or thermal load. Fig. 2 illustrates the methods for direct use of excess electricity and the classification of prevalent technologies used in each approach. Fig. 2.

Indirect use of excess electricity (Power conversion) “Excess power conversion” refers to methods that can convert surplus power into a new form of energy that may not be directly needed by the energy system, such as fuels.

“Excess power to storage” refers to the methods that can efficiently store the excess electricity for upcoming energy usage, peak hours, or to improve the reliability of the hybrid system. Fig. 5 shows the methods for storing excess electricity and the classification of the prevalent technologies used in each method. Fig. 5.

Typically, during peak hours when electricity supply is expensive or peak power demand is high, the power supply system may be disconnected up to the permissible LPSP level . However, this depends on the required reliability in the energy system, and for essential applications, LPSP must be minimized.

The presence of excess electricity constitutes a significant limitation to the wider implementation of renewable capacity in off-grid hybrid systems. Surplus power leads to reductions in energy efficiency, power supply reliability, total system stability, and affordability of renewable-based systems.